European Union Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 2

European Union Law - Essay Example Based on similar grounds, directive 2004/113/EC was implemented in order to expand the protection against gender discrimination in different areas of the society1. In the light of discrimination, Article 141 TFEU plays a significant role by obligating EU member states to ensure any kind of discrimination with respect to sex must be prohibited. In this context, Article 157 deals with maintaining ‘equal pay for both male and female workers’ in an organisation for similar job responsibilities2. Discrimination practices in employment can occur in different situations and under different conditions. For instance, when an employee receives treatments which segregate them from other employees bearing same job responsibilities, on the basis of subjective or assimilated criteria such as gender, nationality, religion, disability, age, marital status, parental status, political views, socio economic view and trade union activities, it may be referred to as discriminatory practices. Discrimination and equality are governed by the key principle that an employee must receive equal treatment. Contextually, the code of non-discrimination is used to gender oriented discriminations concerning equal pay for male and female in Article 157 TFEU. This Act is used for avoiding pay gap between the earnings of men and women in an organisation. Under Article 157, an employee is regarded as an individual who performs certain activities under the guidance of another individual in exchange for money for a certain period of time. Therefore, once an individual is considered an employee as described in Article 157 TFEU, the articles of the treaties can be applied to him/her3. Article 157 TFEU provides an explicit commitment to equal pay for males and females, stating that equal pay without discrimination on the basis of gender denotes that the pay for similar kind of work must be calculated on the basis of the same unit of measurement for each employee. Equal pay also denotes tha t the pay for work at certain time rate must be equal for similar kind of job. With respect to Article 157 TFEU, pay comprises not only the basic remuneration committed to the employee, but also his/her overtime pay, extras, special advantages, travelling grants, rewards for appearing in training, termination payments and job-related pensions. Thus far, this has been constantly interpreted by legal bodies to imply that there must be no discrimination on the basis of gender over pay. With respect to any discrimination regarding pay, the European courts consider the link between the notion of pay which is articulated in Article 157 and the practiced social security system4. With respect to discrimination practices, there are two types of acts that can be performed by an organisation which are direct discrimination and indirect discrimination. In this context, it can be stated that Article 157 of the TFEU forbids both direct discrimination on the bases of gender in the area of pay and indirect discrimination. It is worth mentioning in this regard that direct discrimination happens when an individual is unequally treated on the basis of gender; for instance, when a woman is paid less than a man in a similar job. On the other hand, indirect discrimination refers to the discrimination which is the consequence of gender neutral norm, which tends to hamper an individual’s interests on the basis of sex5. With respect to the case of Kate, it can be observed that

FOREST ELEPHANT AND ITURI FOREST IN CONGO Essay

FOREST ELEPHANT AND ITURI FOREST IN CONGO - Essay Example On the other hand, the natives hunt on the forest elephants and perform various other activities to sustain their life. There is a fine line of difference between upholding the natural aspects of the forest and fulfilling the needs of all the stakeholders. A research including the perspectives of all the stakeholders involved is required in order to establish that line of difference. Background of Ituri The forest got its name from the famous Ituri River. Confined within the boundaries of the Uganda borders and the open regions of Savannah, Ituri forest along with its rivers ends up on the banks of the Zaire River. The forest is composed of very hilly regions covered with dense vegetation and the average altitude across the hills is around 800 meters. The dense vegetation includes trees of hardwood type, predominantly spread across several acres of the land. The forest is abundant in its natural resources and thus provides immense opportunities for economic exploitations. (Ituri Fore st, 2011) Stakeholders Mbutis The natives are the major stakeholders involved in modifying both economic and environmental perspectives of the forest. The Mbutis, formerly known as the Pygmies, have sustained their life in these dense forests for several generations. Although, at present, their population is standing around a meager 40000, they still play a major role in determining the usage of this forest area. The Mbutis primary mode of subsistence has been through hunting. Although, the reasoning for their hunting expeditions have all been closely connected to their economical subsistence, the current trends of hunting by the Mbutis, does not restrict to that reason alone. Other economic aspects are brought into the picture, bringing up different stakeholders, interested in various products of hunting. There is a wide market opened for trading forest products especially the meat of deer, monkeys and forest elephants. The contemporary trends in trade market suggest that there is a growing demand for the Antelope meat. Commercial organizations and other entrepreneurs are targeting the high commercial value for Antelope meat and hence, irrespective of the treacherous conditions of the forests, they travel up all the way to exchange flour, rice and other food products with Mbuti for Antelope meat. Since commercial hunting provides them the necessary means to sustain a forager’s life, there hunting expeditions continue to grow in the Ituri forest. Apart from this, they cultivate vegetation and extract minerals from the land and exchange it for food products. But, the resources of minerals and trees have attracted other stakeholders to make use of these resources for commercial purposes. The places once exploited only by these natives have become a source for many. As a result, there protein supplier’s role that they have been pursuing for more than 2000 years is dwindling rapidly. Immigrated settlers The exploitation started in the 1940’s i tself when the Belgians opened up the roads for easy transport and since then, several acres of land have been wiped out of trees for cultivation and agriculture. One major consequence because of these circumstances is the depletion of traditional trade between the Mbutis and the

A Strong Corporate Image Business Essay

A Strong Corporate Image Business Essay Abstract For a variety of reasons, both academic and business interests in corporate image have increased significantly in recent years. Organizations have realized that a strong corporate image can help them align with the marketplace, attract investment, motivate employees and serve as a means to differentiate their products and services. Thus, many organizations are striving to develop a distinct and recognizable image. This paper investigates what organizations perceive as the essential components of the concept of corporate image and issue advertising. It proposes a general concept about the organization belong to 21st century are more focused towards the betterment of societal and environment. A detail analysis has been performed related to the companys assessment regarding to the carbon emission in relation with the consumer perspective and the importance of social advertising. A corporate image is the strongest determinant of any corporations sustainability. Stock prices can always co me back. Business strategies can always be changed but, when an organizations image is gravely injured, its really difficult, long-term, and uncertain. A risk to its image is a threat to the survival of the enterprise. Leaders who have built a strong image know what it takes: an internal culture that forges a positive opinion of the company by successfully coping with both expected and unanticipated challenges. They know that PR is not a bandage that will cover risky behavior. Most of all, they know they must understand their stakeholders, and that every companys solution must be unique. A companys approach must include structured engagement with investors, regulators, activist organizations, communities, and the media. The primary feature of this engagement is active listening. It provides a means for developing a trained intelligence that enables leaders to anticipate external responses to their actions. And, when necessary, it delivers a perspective that helps protect them from t he kind of competition-driven excesses that seem to arise so easily in our pressurized market environment. Failure to build a culture of attentive engagement can prove devastating, and the world has witnessed spectacular reputational collapses over recent years. Enron and WorldCom are the best known, but, at bottom, these are simple cases of thievery and fraud. An admonition not to steal would be lost on those who are striving to be creatively criminal. Of far greater interest to the great majority of CEOs, and more instructive of the dangers that can lurk in any corporations DNA, are the reputational compromises that have occurred at such companies as Merck, Marsh McLennan, Arthur Andersen, and Monsanto. Table of Contents 2 Introduction 3 Purpose: 3 Format 3 Essential components of corporate image HYPERLINK #__RefHeading__52079_896431004HYPERLINK #__RefHeading__52079_896431004 issue advertising 4 Corporate Communications 6 Corporate design 6 Corporate Culture 6 Behavior 7 Corporate structure 7 Corporate strategy 7 Steps in building corporate image 9 Top management involvement: 9 Select appropriate Model 9 Involvement of Stakeholders 9 Motivate employees to become corporate representative 9 Communication tactic 9 References 10 Introduction Purpose: The image of organization, as of the viewpoint of customers, is the basis of a high-quality corporate image building program. Effective image management surrounding brand traits is of dominant importance in achieving goals of the organization. Social advertising effectiveness can be calculated by marketing evaluations. The rationale of this paper is to analyze the strategies of effective corporate image, edifice and supervision the same with indication to acquiring maximum customer value for long-run organization gains. Format The paper reviews the literature on the corporate image building and develops arguments in reference to the corporate image and issue advertising. The debate in the paper is emphatically extended over how companies are assessing carbon consciousness among consumers, issue advertising, media impact on corporate image and environmental knowledge. This paper also discusses the essential components of corporate image and issue advertising, process that builds corporate image through media communication and stakeholders involvement. Essential components of corporate image issue advertising The essential components of corporate image and issue advertising are as follows: Corporate Communications Controlled corporate communication Uncontrolled communication Indirect communication Corporate Design Corporate visual identity system Application of CVIS Corporate Culture Corporate philosophy Corporate values Corporate mission Corporate Principles Corporate guidelines Corporate History Founder of the company Country of origin Subculture Behaviour Employee Behaviour Management Behavior Corporate Structure Brand Structure Organization Structure Corporate Strategy Differentiation Strategy Positioning Strategy Corporate Communications Elif Karaosmanoglu, [2005] corporate communication is a term that encompasses all the ways in which the organization communicates with its various stakeholders. Thus, all of the messages emanating from an organization, everything that it produces and all of the activities it is involved in will act to shape stakeholders perceptions. Corporate communication can be both controlled and uncontrolled in nature. Communication intentionally instigated by management with the aim of improving stakeholder relationships is classified as controlled corporate communication. Conversely, uncontrolled communication takes place when organizations influence stakeholders perceptions unintentionally. Corporate design Corporate design is a term used to describe the vast number of visual cues that are associated with a specific organization. Corporate visual identity system (CVIS) is composed of five main elements: the organizations name, slogan, logotype/symbol, color and typography. Visual identity can be conveyed in other ways, for example, through the companies products and vehicles and the location as well as the architecture of its buildings. The interior office design, for example, may symbolize many aspects of the corporate culture. Simà µes, Dibb Fisk, (2005), The creation of strong corporate identity, including identity signs, is crucial for companies to encourage positive attitudes in its different target publics and may provide an important competitive advantage . Corporate Culture T.C. Melewar [2005] there is a plethora of different views as to what constitutes corporate culture. Some argue that it is strongly associated with rituals, for example, one interviewee explicit stated that culture: . . . is the way we do things around here. There is a range of views concerning the relationship between corporate culture and corporate identity. Culture epitomizes the consensus within a company about how activities should be accomplished and is conceived as a result of a groups shared experience and learning with respect to matters of external adaptation and internal integration. Behavior Behavior is another fairly intangible aspect of corporate identity. However, an analysis is made easier by breaking it down into a number of elements that make up behavior including, corporate, employee and management behavior. Many commentators suggest that the actions of a corporation are a fundamental element of its identity. Albert and Whetten [2003], asserted that an organizations brand identity should achieve three things: capture the essence of the organization, distinguish the organization from others and exhibit the same degree of commitment in behavior over time. Corporate structure Corporate structure consists of organizational structure and branding structure and is cited by several authors as being a fundamental component of corporate image. Brand structure: organizations engage in branding strategies in order to differentiate themselves from competitors. Strong brands are fundamental in establishing an identity in the marketplace, strengthening customer loyalty and for many companies are vital in counteracting the growing power of retailers. Organizational structure: The organizational structure is associated with the organizational hierarchy, lines of communication and reporting responsibilities. Of greatest importance is the degree of centralization and decentralization, in terms of both geography and across products Corporate strategy Corporate strategy is the blueprint of the firms fundamental objectives and strategies for competing in their given market. It thus determines what the company produces, the level of profit made and stakeholder perceptions about the company. Many commentators suggest that a strong link exists between corporate strategy and corporate image. Price Water House Coopers [2003] non financial performance is more important than current financial results in creating long term share holder value. Non-financial results sometimes are more important in developing a overall corporate image for example developing a process that will generate less CO2 emission as compare to old processes. Steps in building corporate image Top management involvement: Every branding strategy begins from the board room. Top management involvement helps organization in building strong corporate image. Corporate image is totally a strategic decision taken by the senior management of organization. Select appropriate Model Business Model is the spine of branding strategy. So, it is significant to choose the best replica for your business or put up your own. Because each business has its own wants and working background, therefore, it is best to construct a model which is aligned with the company needs and values Involvement of Stakeholders Stake holders are ones who are directly affected with the organization decision, company should take them in to confidence and involve them in decision making. Initiate activities resulting in the betterment of share holders. Motivate employees to become corporate representative Provide proper knowledge to employees for, e.g., vision, mission, values, and work culture. They can be the best representative of your organization. Educate them about the goals and future aims of the organization. Communication tactic Communication tactic is of prime importance when it comes to create strong brand image. A well planned and defined marketing strategy is helpful in understanding customers needs, helps is identifying issues need to be advertised in order to build strong brand image.

All Americans Need Access to Health Care Essay -- ObamaCare Essays

America is known for democracy, freedom, and the American Dream. American citizens have the right to free speech, free press, the right to bear arms, and the right to religious freedom to name a few. The Declaration of Independence states that American citizens have the rights including â€Å"life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.† America promises equality and freedom and the protection of their rights as outlined in the Declaration of Independence and the Bill of Rights. But with all the rights and freedoms that American citizens enjoy, there is one particular area where the United States seems to be lacking. That area is health care. The United States is the only industrialized nation that doesn’t have some form of legal recognition of a right to health care (Yamin 1157). Health care reform in the United States has become a major controversy for politicians, health care professionals, businesses, and citizens. Those in opposition to reform claim that health care is not a human right, therefore the government should not be involved. Supporters of reform believe that health care is most definitely a human right and should be available to everyone in the United States instead of only those who can afford it, and that it is the government’s responsibility to uphold that right. Out of all the industrialized countries in the world, the United States is the only one that doesn’t have a universal health care plan (Yamin 1157). The current health care system in the United States relies on employer-sponsored insurance programs or purchase of individual insurance plans. Employer-sponsored coverage has dropped from roughly 80 percent in 1982 to a little over 60 percent in 2006 (Kinney 809). The government does provide... ... Mar. 2011. "It Is Possible for the United States to Achieve Universal Health Care While Protecting Scientific Innovation." Universal Health Care. Ed. Susan C. Hunnicutt. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2010. Opposing Viewpoints. Gale Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 20 Mar. 2011. Kinney, Eleanor D. "Realization of the International Human Right to Health in an Economically Integrated North America." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 37.4 (2009): 807-818. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. 15 Mar. 2011. "National Insurance Could Prove Disastrous. (Cover story)." USA Today Magazine 133.2719 (2005): 1-2. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. 15 Mar. 2011. Yamin, Alicia Ely. "The Right to Health Under International Law and Its Relevance to the United States." American Journal of Public Health 95.7 (2005): 1156-1161. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. 15 Mar. 2011.

Analysis of the Nature and Culture Division

The advances in the understanding of nature in terms of scientific knowledge has been tremendous especially since the mid-1950’s with the discovery of the DNA structure, which precipitated more advances in molecular biology, genetics, and biochemistry.   However, in the end of the 20th century until now, our modern society has seen more and more debates about how nature has been altered and/or destroyed by our progress in technology, in particular biotechnology.Yet, one may wonder if the debate over technological progress affecting nature or more specifically, natural laws that govern our existence, does reflect a cultural bias in the general comprehension of technological progress in our society.   Consequently, three questions may be asked to completely analyze the problem.   First, is there a nature/culture problem to be discussed?   Second, if there is, how has it affected our global society with respect to a cultural shift caused by particular developments in scie nce and technology and when?   If there is a global effect, is there a tangible effect on our personal life?   This paper will deal with each of these questions.The amazing characteristics that humans possess, is to learn from previous generations, to improve upon their work, and to establish a momentum to human life and culture that has taken our civilization from cave art to quantum physics, and into the space age.   In addition, other scientific advances bring about technological progress in our direct environment and society, more so than being in space.   Even more so has biotechnology been altering the nature of our humanity, not only in terms of ‘programmed’ physical changes based on scientific discoveries, but also in terms of environmental changes.Unfortunately, people’s understanding of what science is capable of either to benefit our society or destroy it, has been undermined since the Industrial Revolution in the 19th century.   How do we kn ow that?   Simply consider the history of our society until now with the debate over cloning and stem-cell research that have come under fire in our western part of the world.   In both cases, a further division has taken place within the world scientific community.   Some countries allow the research whereas others do not.   Consequently, what can we draw from this chiasm, is it due to a cultural difference?   If it is, then do we really understand what the meaning of culture is?   If we do, can we reconcile differences?Raymond Williams tells us that there is a great difficulty in even defining the concept of culture. (Williams, ) Is it a division of the whole into parts (the individual) like Latour claims or a whole global entity like Tarde thinks? (Latour, Social in Question)   Furthermore, Williams is not even sure himself of what nature really means.   On page 78, he does tell us that there is a general confusion or disparity of what different people mean by nat ure.   Is it either the nature of man (biology), the natural nature of our environment, or both?   Latour seems to agree with Williams that there is a problem of defining the context of nature and culture.   Latour uses the illustration of one simple event like using an aerosol can after which people are taken on a journey to Antarctica, to touring scientific labs across the world, and the chemistry of inert gases. (p. 2 Crisis) (Latour, )This implies that the complexity of the division is based not only on the science of the natural environment, but also first on how people are affected by the effects of the ozone problem, and second how different people or the world as a single cultural phenomenon perceive the problem.   The conclusion is that the division exists but its very existence is very confusing to any person from any part of the world or the whole world, perhaps minus the scientists.   Rabinow’s expose supports this idea of confusion when she claims using Michel Foucault’s and Gilles Deleuze’s arguments that there has been a shift caused by this division, particularly on how we as a species comprehend ourselves and our environment.   Specifically, on p. 91, she states:â€Å"In the modern form, finitude establishes a field of life, labor, and language  within which Man appears as a distinctive being who is both the subject and object of his own understanding, but an understanding that is never complete because of its very structure.† (Rabinow, )Toxen is convinced that this magnitude of this shift has actually been more like a revolution with respect to science and technology in our society. (Toxen, 1983) On p.1, he emphasizes that there is a total reshaping of â€Å"industries, companies, universities, and laboratories to sustain the present mode of production.†Ã‚   He adds that the cause of this shift seems to be linked to a push for biotechnological advances, especially in our time (he wrote this art icle in 1983).So, how do this shift and the nature/culture division affect our own existence?   Callon speaks of auto engineers in France becoming sociologists in order to manufacture the first electric car.   As a consequence, engineers define what society will be like and how it will be changed because of the introduction of such a new mode of transportation.   Their resulting conclusions motivate their work while reshaping our ideas or shall we say our cultural acceptance. (Callon, )   In the same vein, biotechnology has been hailed as the only way to remedy problems that our society faces.   For example, Lappe and Collins cite the example of how biotechnology is supposed to solve world hunger but people are starving more than ever. (Lappe-Collins, )An illustration of this idea is cited by Pollan with Monsanto genetically engineering a bug-killer potato that may be hazardous to our health so we would not be able to eat it anyway! (Pollan, ).   In the context of ecolog y, Schwartz and Thompson speak of â€Å"Nature benign gives us global equilibrium.† (Schwartz, Thompson, 1990) This idea implies that science and technology cannot help the way that is propounded.   The reason is simple: there is not enough comprehension of us as individuals and as a civilization (culture) to solve the mostly self-inflicted obstacles encountered with our nature as a species as well as our environment (nature).In conclusion, there is a real doubt whether science and technology can help our society.   Since there is a fuzzy picture of how we understand the division between culture and nature, science and technology cannot claim that they understand what shapes our society for the better while they certainly do not understand how they can shape society for the worst.ReferencesCallon, ?. (Year?). Engineers as sociologists. Publication? 210- 216.Lappe, ?, Collins, ?. (Year?). World hunger: twelve myths.   Publication? 48-66.Latour, B. Joyce, P. (editor). (Ye ar?). The social in question. New bearings on history and the Social Sciences. London: Routledge.   (year?). Crisis. Publication? 2-12.Pollan, M. (date and year?). Playing God in my garden. The New York Times. 1-12.Rabinow, P. (Year?) Artificiality and enlightenment: from sociobiology to biosociality. Publication? 91-110.Schwartz, M., Thompson, M. (1990). Divided we stand: redefining politics, technology, and social choice.   London: Harvester & Wheatsheaf.Toxen, L. (1983). The life industry in gene business: who should control biotechnology? London: Association Books.Williams, R. (Year?). Title? Publication? 68-84.

Spiromery As A Tool Health And Social Care Essay

Chronic clogging pneumonic disease ( COPD ) is a equivalent word that includes a mixture of diseased procedures, stand foring as a group of different diseases. ( emedicine. 2010 ) Clearly it can non be defined based on its symptoms as they are nonspecific. COPD can non be defined on pathologic alterations either, because this is non clinically executable. As a consequence to this deficiency of standardisation, COPD is normally diagnosed in advanced phases, largely in patients over 40 old ages, during which the disease have settled in topographic point. This is attributed to the limitation of activity associated with the status, which may even take to disablement and restriction of normal function at work and/or place. Consequently, the diagnosing of COPD can merely be confirmed through a standard method that is spirometry. Although spirometry stands as the corner rock for diagnosing of COPD and rating its badness, its usage is still underestimated in general pattern and merely a little sector of specializers rely on it. This is related to the contentions in sentiments refering the proper usage and cogency of spirometry as a showing took for thorax diseases, which has been raised and dropped in several literatures along the past decennaries ( Ferguson, 2000 ; McIvor, 2001 ) This research aims to derive a better apprehension of the result of using spirometry in testing for COPD and measure the betterment related to early diagnosing with spirometry in patients with COPD. In the 2nd subdivision writer will be explicating the current epidemiology, pathophysiology and direction modes available and their forecast based on multiple factors that can better their quality of life and societal engagement. And in conclusion qualitative and quantitative attacks of measuring will be discussed in the 3rd subdivision. This status presents with inordinate mucous secretion secernment with airway obstructor and noticeable hyperplasia of mucus-producing glands.iThe ensuing endothelial harm interferes with the mucociliary response that usually clears bacteriums and mucous secretion in the lungs. Inflammation of the walls and secernments in the lms provide the clogging constituent of chronic bronchitis.Emphysema can show at the same time to a variable grade but normally is limited to the centre of one lobe ( centrilobular ) . Consequently, airing perfusion mismatch occur as a consequence of reduced airing and increased cardiac end product. This in bend causes hypoxemia and polycythemia ( Deborah, 2009 ) . It is markedly characterized by devastation of the walls of air passages distal to the terminal bronchiole. The pathological procedure in emphysema comprises gradual devastation of alveolar septae and the pneumonic capillary bed, ensuing in lessened capacity to oxygenize blood. This pushes the organic structure to take down the cardiac end product and consequence in hyperventilation. Consequently a limited sum of blood flows through a comparatively good oxygenated lung with normal force per unit area and blood gases doing a airing perfusion mismatch, in contrast to what happens in chronic bronchitis. The remainder of the organic structure nevertheless suffers from hypoxia due to reduced cardiac end product ( Paul K, 2010 ) . This, in add-on to pneumonic cachexy, consequences in musculus cachexia and weight loss and marks the patients as â€Å" pink blowfishs. † COPD is considered top serious lung disease in the United States. Over the last few decennaries, increasing Numberss of Americans are enduring from COPD making about 10 and 14 million grownups ( CDC, 2010 ) . However, informations from the 3rd National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveysishowed that about 24 million U.S. grownups have impaired lung capacities, which proves that COPD is under diagnosed. About 8 million physician office and infirmary outpatient visits were related to COPD with 1.5 million exigency section visits and 726,000 hospitalizations taking to about 119,000 deceases ( NCH, 1994 ) . Harmonizing to Swadron & A ; Mandavia ( 2009 ) , Men were assumed to be more apt to hold COPD. About 5 % of all white American work forces have COPD, while merely 2 % of all adult females have the disease. However, with the increased rate of smoke among adult females over the last decennary, there is a significant addition in the decease rate ensuing from COPD in adult females, from 58.4/100,000 in 2000 to 65.2/100,000 in 2005 as stated by the American lung association ( ALA ) . The twelvemonth 2000 was recognized as the first clip the figure of adult females deceasing from COPD exceeds the figure of work forces. This tendency continues thenceforth ( Anthonisen, 2008 ; ALA, 2009 ) . The American Thoracic Society and the European Respiratory Society ( ATS, 2010 ) , ias good as the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease guidelines indicate that spirometry is the gilded criterion for diagnosing of COPD. These standardsiencourage executing spirometry in all individuals with a history of smoke and occupational exposure to pollution, subjects with positive household history of COPD, or in instances of chronic productive cough with dyspnoea. This is related to the fact that the aassessment of airway obstructor is the lone nonsubjective manner for the diagnosing and appraisal of chronic clogging pneumonic disease ( COPD ) . The clinical and pathological facets of COPD, in add-on to the demand for measuring and appraisal in these instances, were mentioned in the first subdivision. In the following subdivision, the writer will discourse the facets of the mini undertaking including methodological analysis, informations aggregation, analysis and consequences concluded. This undertaking was done at the School of Health, Community and Education Studies in Northumbria Universityis Coach Lane Campus in the Sports Gymnasium under the surveillance of Dr. John Stephens and Dr. Mike Parr who are the faculty leaders of the PL0733 i.e. , iMeasurement and Assessment in Physiotherapyi . 8 of the MSc Physiotherapy pupils participated in the research and carried out the spirometry proving successfully. The procedure started at 10 a.m. and finished at 12 midday. The purpose of this survey is to find the function of spirometry as a tool for measuring and appraisal of COPD instances. For this purpose quantitative attack was used as it suits the intent with its mensurating phenomena and positivism doctrine ( Creswell, 2003 ) . ICF will be used as a model to measure the values of the result adopted by the proposed research. During this research, the research worker relied on positive paradigm, as opposed to the phenomenological paradigm used in qualitative research which does non carry through the demands of the survey ( Glesne & A ; Peshkin 1992 ) . This explains the authoris pick of quantitative methodological analysis as the research did non take to develop theory but aimed to analyze the function of spirometry and compare research findings with the already established theory in the literature.