Michael Porters Model analysis of the Russias color Cosmetics Industry

Introduction Revlon is a global leader in the beauty and personal care industry, focusing primarily on color cosmetic products. Since its establishment in 1932 by Charles Revson, Joseph Revson along with a chemist, Charles Lachman, it has grown to be a leading global brand name with subsidiaries all over the world. It is now eyeing the vibrant Russian market on its expansion plan.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Michael Porter’s Model analysis of the Russia’s color Cosmetics Industry specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, before venturing into this highly competitive market, as per business requisites, it is required to conduct an investment feasibility study of extending Revlon’s color cosmetics products into the Russian market. In this report we will conduct a PESTEL analysis to understand Russia’s attractiveness as a country and use the Michael Porter’s Five Competitive F orces Model – with a bias on the two major competitive forces of the model, namely the bargaining power of suppliers and bargaining power of buyers – to understand the competition in the Russian color cosmetics industry in order to determine its attractiveness as a market for Revlon and analyze the intensity of competition in Russia’s color cosmetics industry. But, first let us get a general overview of Russian cosmetic industry to understand the market. According to the â€Å"Russian Cosmetics Market Forecast (2008-2012),† Russia is emerging as one of the most vibrant cosmetics industry within Europe; figuratively, as ofo 2008 the industry enjoyed a growth of approximately 9-14 % annually (Global Impact 2010) and for the first time the industry hit the US$ 9 billion mark. This trend can be attributed to factors such as growing per capita purchasing on cosmetics, promising consumer preferences, growing products creativeness and the attractiveness of the R ussian cosmetic industry that has attracted many international players in the market, which have shown the sustainability of the industry even in the long run. Even during the 2007-2009 global recession the market remained strong and as of now is expected to grow at approximately 8.8 percent annually during the 2010-2013 period (BAC 2011). Figure 2. growth in the size of russian cosmetic industry before 2007 source alexander aginsky the russian blog.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The Russian color cosmetic industry is dominated by foreign giants who enjoy a significant 53% of the market share and the rest by local companies which command a 43% percent of the market share while (Podsushnaya 2010). The largest segment of Russian cosmetic industry belongs to hair care and color cosmetics each enjoying a sales share of approximately 18 and 17.7% respectively. Figure 1. A pi e chart representing the segment share by sales value of cosmetics in russia in 2008 Enough been noted of the Russian cosmetic industry, which seems to be favor of Revlon, we will now look at the two competitive forces of the model, that is, the bargaining power of suppliers and the bargaining power of buyers within Russia’s color cosmetics industry. Bargaining power of buyers Business in an international or multinational scale is not an easy affair as an organization deals with different types of buyers. It is therefore necessary that managers and those who are in top decision making organs in commercial organizations to know that their goals such as profits, revenues, survival, and growth will be ultimately affected by the bargaining power of buyers combined with political, economic, social, environmental and legal forces within an industry (Anderson 1982: Frey 2008). According to porter’s model, the bargaining power of buyers drives competition (Wheelen Hunger 2002 ; Worthington Britton 2009). In the case for the Russian cosmetic industry, the bargaining power of buyers will often affect the floor and ceiling price within the industry. The ceiling price within the cosmetic industry can be said to be the highest amount possible that a company like Revlon can be able to charge for its products, while on the other hand the floor price is simply the lowest price that it can charge for its products (Ansoff 1995; Howard 1957; Stevenson 1985).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Michael Porter’s Model analysis of the Russia’s color Cosmetics Industry specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Commercial organizations will always search avenues and peruse strategies that often reduce the bargaining power of buyers to increase chances of charging higher prices and increase their gross profit margins while on the other hand rational consumers will always struggle to push up their bargaining power and therefore and save on funds (Camillus 1986). The following are variables that may end up affecting the bargaining power of buyers in either direction: A buyer purchases a huge fraction of the sellers product or service According to Aginsky Consulting Group, Russians spend about 11-13% of their income on cosmetic products. Cosmetic retailers purchase 29%,Departmental stores 24%,direct sales 20%phamacies 10% and concept stores 55% therefore buyer who purchases a large portion of the total inventory of Revlon is more likely to have a higher bargaining power than that a client who buys a small portion. Consumers who purchase large portions often end up demanding for large discounts as compared to those consumers who purchase smaller proportions (Kumar 1997; Hutt and Speh 1995).Therefore Cosmetic retailers will have a higher bargaining power than concept stores while pharmacies may have medium bargaining power. B) Buyer has the potential to integrate backward Backwar d integration is whereby a buyer can produce the product him/herself. When consumers either individual or institutional can produce the product itself i.e. products such as soap, lipstick, and other forms of products they in turn will increase their own bargaining power (Porter 1990). Making cosmetics is a complex and expensive process, and the Russian industry does not have, or if there are very few, cottage industries or individuals who can make cosmetic products for their own subsistence consumption and therefore the bargaining power of buyers is low to this respect, therefore implying that companies such as Revlon enjoy a higher bargaining power (Podsushnaya, 2010).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More C) Alternative suppliers The number of participants within the Russian cosmetic industry is highly important, because the more the cosmetic companies the more the number of product options among the consumers. Consumers who are presented with a lot of options that come from Revlon’s competitors such as Svoboda, Ferberlia, Kosmetika, Nerskaya, Kalina and many others leave the consumer more empowered and consequently have a higher bargaining power (Waterschoot Bulte 1992). Consumers/buyers with a higher bargaining power serve as a threat to a commercial enterprises’ competitive advantage because they have the ability to push prices down. Conversely, when there are fewer options for consumers as it is the case for monopolistic businesses than their bargaining power is greatly reduced (Khermouch 2003). Pyatyorochka, Perekryostok, Sedmoy Continent, Ramstore, Auchan, and Metro are some of the large retail outlet chains that interact directly with consumers by stocking mass market products therefore have the consumer’s freedom to choose to visit any of these stores making consumers enjoy high levels of bargaining power. D) Changing supplier costs (switching costs) Switching costs are the total costs that a consumer is expected to incur when he/she decides to move from one brand to another (Halinen 1995; Tait 2010). High switching costs translate to lower bargaining power for consumers and therefore intensity of competition within an industry increases. For the Russian color cosmetics consumers, there are no switching costs for changing from one brand to another, thus new products it is easy to enter the market provided the products prove different from the rest and through the right marketing channel. Buyers therefore enjoy high levels of bargaining power (Tait 2007), making it suitable for free competition between industry participants. E) A buyer earns low profits and consequently is very sensitive to cost and service differences A buyer somet imes is a reseller, that is, somebody buys, say, Revlon’s products as a wholesaler/distributor who buys a product with the outright intention of reselling the products again to make profit (Anderson Narus 1990; Dwyer, Schurr and Oh 1987). These individuals and commercial enterprises in the market such as, Pyatyorochka, Perekryostok, Sedmoy Continent, Ramstore, Auchan, and Metro, become highly price sensitive because their purchases are based on future expected price margins. If their purchases mean that they will enjoy fewer profits then they may end up not stocking products of that supplier and therefore Revlon may enjoy moderate bargaining power and aim to those who stock their products (Ford 1990; Heide 1994). Conclusion and recommendations For Revlon to successfully penetrate the Russian market, given that the bargaining power of Russian cosmetic consumers is very high, it needs to find ways and means of reducing the bargaining power of buyers so that it can attain a sig nificant market share, hence margins of Revenue. This can be achieved through strategic marketing, and promotions, pricing mechanisims and devise effective market penetration tactics. Bargaining power of suppliers According to the â€Å"Russian Cosmetic Industry Report†, the cosmetic market for mass section products is over-dominated by both local firms such as Kalina, Nerskaya Kosmetika, Svoboda, and Faberilic who enjoy a 43%-49% market share while 49%-53% market share belongs to foreign companies such as Procter Gamble, Schwarzkopf Henkel, Unilever and Beiersdorf. The domestic manufacturers’ products are more preferred by the Russian consumers for foreign companies like PG among others. Thus, for Revlon it is quite a challenge to penetrate the market though it is not impossible, and as a recommendation it needs to deliver to low end markets and pursue a cost leadership strategy (Kefela 2010). Suppliers also consist of influential organizations or people; this is si mply because the kind of products which they sell is raw materials. Without these raw materials than production will be disabled (Abell and John Hammond 1979; Light and Laura 1992). Suppliers are individuals/companies who usually want or aim to maximize the profit margin of the product which they supply to their clients and therefore will always sell products at high prices. Revlon sources its raw materials from multiple sources including farmers, pharmaceutical companies, plastic manufacturers and labs who manufacture chemical compounds. Each and every one of these supplier therefore aims to maximize his/her bargaining power while on the other hand Revlon wishes to pay less for raw materials and save on funds (Spekman Johnston 1986). It therefore becomes necessary for Revlon to formulate and implement strategies that will in turn reduce the bargaining power of suppliers and reduce the prices that they charge for raw materials (Kourdi 2009; Na. 2006). It is important to know the c ost of inputs can be used as a source of key company competencies as it is the case for Toyota motors. Toyota has successfully found avenues of reducing costs by sourcing the highest quality of raw materials from the cheapest sources within the industry. The following are factors that can affect the bargaining power of suppliers: (Weetman 2006) If the supplier industry is subject to a few companies When an entire industry has only a few suppliers and many buyers, the demand of raw materials increases tremendously and consequently the bargaining power of suppliers increases (Kitchen 2005; Jaber 2009). The Russian cosmetic industry has many participants and numerous suppliers ranging from laboratories, farms and pharmaceutical manufacturers therefore suppliers have a lower bargaining power. The increased number of supplier options means that participants such as Revlon and others are entitled to a higher bargaining power when negotiating with suppliers. If a product supplied by a supp lier is unique or highly differentiated Some suppliers produce highly differentiated raw materials to sell to their clientele. A good example is pharmaceutical products that are made from mixing numerous chemical compounds that are supplied to Revlon by leading world pharmaceutical companies that are used to make hair, oil and skin lotions. These products are highly differentiated and come around as a result of high levels of differentiation that can only be obtained by scientists who spend a lot of resources and their time in laboratories and therefore pharmaceutical as suppliers gain more bargaining power (Lancaster Withey 2006). Therefore suppliers who supply these products to Revlon have a high bargaining power. C) Availability of substitutes The availability of substitutes often means that there are more and more options on the table for those who purchase products (Lim 2009; Hiles 2010). But when there are no substitutes in an industry then suppliers are placed in a better c ompetitive position. Revlon being a multinational company, it sources its raw materials from numerous suppliers and has a lot of options for formulating cosmetics and therefore consequently has a high bargaining power when entering into contracts of supply with other suppliers. Therefore lowering the bargaining power of these suppliers. D) The ability of suppliers to integrate forward Sometimes suppliers are able to produce products that compete at the same time with their customers (Sinkovics Ghauri 2009; Koontz Weihrich 2009). For example pharmaceutical companies are able to produce products which at the same time compete with the products that are produced by Revlon therefore driving down the bargaining power of Revlon. Some Participants within this industry act as suppliers of raw material and at the same time also produce end products therefore increasing the level of competitive intensity within the industry and their bargaining power as suppliers and consequently lowering t he bargaining power of Revlon when they enter into contacts of supply (Alexander 2010). E) When the purchasing industry buys only a small portion of the supplier’s product Figure 3. An illustration various industries and the respective portions of the supplier’s product ( i.E cosmetics) that they purchase. Suppliers may consider some of its customers unimportant simply because the customers who consist within this industry only form a very small portion of their sales (Charles et al 2009; Kotler Keller 2006). When suppliers are in such a position they may threaten their customers by either stating that the desire to exit from such industry and therefore increasing their bargaining power (Campbell et al 2002). Consequently, they will charge more for their products and services. In the case of 2.9% pharmacies industry represent a small portion of the total purchases that are bought from cosmetic companies. Cosmetic companies who supply to this industry will have a high er bargaining power, conversely cosmetic companies serving Departmental store will have reduced bargaining power. When suppliers enjoy such high levels of bargaining power then industry participants like Revlon may often suffer by paying higher prices for supplies and hence proper material sourcing is required. Conclusion and Recommendations Looking at the high bargaining power of buyers and a low bargaining power of suppliers, it seems the Russian color cosmetics industry still has a lot of potential even for new entrants into the market, like Revlon. Revlon has plenty of resources at hand and it needs to exploit other means and mechanisms that will reduce the bargaining power of suppliers, while maintaining the bargaining power of suppliers. References Abell, D. and John S. (1979). Strategic Market Planning: Problems and Analytical Approaches. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Alexander A., Russia Blog. 2010. Retrieved from http://www.russiablog.org/2008/09/russian_cosmetics_ma rket_overv.php Allison, M. Kaye, J. (2005). Simplified strategic planning: a no-nonsense guide for busy people who want results fast. Worcester, MA: Chandler House Press. Anderson, J. and Narus, J. (1990). A model of distributor firm and manufacturer firm working. Journal of Marketing, Vol. 54, pp. 42-58. Anderson, P. (1982). Marketing, Strategic Planning, and the Theory of the Firm, Journal of Marketing, 46, 7–23. Ansoff, H. (1995). Corporate Strategy: An Analytical Approach to Business Policy for Growth and Expansion. New York: McGraw-Hill. BAC. 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is crime caused by genetics essays

is crime caused by genetics essays Throughout time there have been many different reasons associated with why people commit crimes. It has been said that crimes are committed because of criminals past and the way that they grow up. Many people also feel that crimes are associated with the criminals minds or are simply due to the fact that a person was in the wrong place at the wrong time. Scientists have done research and feel that there are many things that are genetic. A fairly new question that is being asked is the question of genetics and crime. Is crime genetic? Many geneticists feel that crime is somewhat genetic, and may even be more genetic than they know. In Tabitha M. Powledges article that appeared in the magazine BioScience in 1993, she expresses the point that crime and genetics are related. She also stated that knowing this was not going to be enough information to contribute significantly to helping or preventing crime. Scientists have found that more than 80% of those arrested for any crime, and more than 90% of those arrested for violent crime, possess a Y chromosome. (Powledge) This somewhat proves the theory that crime is related to genetics. Besides the Y chromosome there is really no other gene that is related to crime according to Powledges article. She states Like other complex traits, most behaviors appear to result from the actions of multiple genes, with generous input from outside the DNA as well. (Powledge) This shows that there is probably no one gene that will cause a person to commit a crime. In a conference held about genetics and criminal behavior in 1992, one of the conferences members, Margaret McCar thy gave an excellent metaphor with lemonade about how genes affect crimes. She said that lemonade is compounded from many different ingredients such as lemonade and sugar. According to McCarthy these ingredients are inseparable. This is the same as with genes. There is no s...

History of Mutiny on the Bounty

History of Mutiny on the Bounty In the late 1780s, noted botanist Sir Joseph Banks theorized that breadfruit plants which grew on the islands of the Pacific could be brought to the Caribbean where they could be used as a cheap food source for slaves working on British plantations. This concept received support from the Royal Society which offered a prize for attempting such an endeavor. As discussions ensued, the Royal Navy offered to provide a ship and crew to transport breadfruit to the Caribbean. To this end, the collier Bethia was purchased in May 1787 and renamed His Majestys Armed Vessel Bounty. Mounting four 4-pdr guns and ten swivel guns, command of Bounty was assigned to Lieutenant William Bligh on August 16. Recommended by Banks, Bligh was a gifted sailor and navigator who had previously distinguished himself as sailing master aboard Captain James Cooks HMS Resolution (1776-1779). Through the latter part of 1787, efforts moved forward to prepare the ship for its mission and assemble a crew. This done, Bligh departed Britain in December and set a course for Tahiti. Outbound Voyage Bligh initially attempted to enter the Pacific via Cape Horn. After a month of trying and failing due to adverse winds and weather, he turned and sailed east around the Cape of Good Hope. The voyage to Tahiti proved smooth and few punishments were given to the crew. As Bounty was rated as a cutter, Bligh was the only commissioned officer on board. To permit his men longer periods of uninterrupted sleep, he divided the crew into three watches. In addition, he raised Masters Mate Fletcher Christian to the rank of acting lieutenant in March so that he could oversee one of the watches. Life in Tahiti This decision angered Bountys sailing master, John Fryer. Reaching Tahiti on October 26, 1788, Bligh and his men collected 1,015 breadfruit plants. The delay off Cape Horn led to a five-month delay in Tahiti as they had to wait for the breadfruit trees to mature enough to transport. During this time, Bligh allowed the men to live ashore among the islanders. Enjoying Tahitis warm climate and relaxed atmosphere, some of the men, including Christian took native wives. As a result of this environment, naval discipline began to break down. Attempting to control the situation, Bligh was increasingly forced to punish his men and floggings became more routine. Unwilling to submit to this treatment after enjoying the islands warm hospitality, three sailors, John Millward, William Muspratt, and Charles Churchill deserted. They were quickly recaptured and though they were punished, it was less severe than recommended. In the course of events, a search of their belongings produced a list of names including Christian and Midshipman Peter Heywood. Lacking additional evidence, Bligh could not charge the two men as aiding in the desertion plot. Mutiny Though unable to take action against Christian, Blighs relationship with him continued to deteriorate and he began to relentlessly ride his acting lieutenant. On April 4, 1789, Bounty departed Tahiti, much to the displeasure of many of the crew. On the night of April 28, Christian and 18 of the crew surprised and bound Bligh in his cabin. Dragging him on deck, Christian bloodlessly took control of the ship despite the fact that the most of the crew (22) sided with the captain. Bligh and 18 loyalists were forced over the side into Bountys cutter and given a sextant, four cutlasses, and several days food and water. Blighs Voyage As Bounty turned to return to Tahiti, Bligh set course for the nearest European outpost at Timor. Though dangerously overloaded and lacking charts, Bligh succeeded in sailing the cutter first to Tofua for supplies, then on to Timor. After sailing 3,618 miles, Bligh arrived at Timor after a 47-day voyage. Only one man was lost during the ordeal when he was killed by natives on Tofua. Moving on to Batavia, Bligh was able to secure transport back to England. In October 1790, Bligh was honorably acquitted for the loss of Bounty and records show him to have been a compassionate commander who frequently spared the lash. Bounty Sails On Retaining four loyalists aboard, Christian steered Bounty to Tubuai where the mutineers attempted to settle. After three months of fighting with the natives, the mutineers re-embarked and sailed to Tahiti. Arriving back at the island, twelve of the mutineers and the four loyalists were put ashore. Not believing that they would be safe in Tahiti, the remaining mutineers, including Christian, embarked supplies, six Tahitian men, and eleven women in September 1789. Though they scouted the Cook and Fiji Islands, the mutineers did not feel that either offered sufficient safety from the Royal Navy. Life on Pitcairn On January 15, 1790, Christian re-discovered Pitcairn Island which had been misplaced on British charts. Landing, the party quickly established a community on Pitcairn. To reduce their chances of discovery, they burned Bounty on January 23. Though Christian attempted to maintain peace in the small community, relations between the Britons and Tahitians soon collapsed leading to fighting. The community continued to struggle for several years until Ned Young and John Adams took control in the mid-1790s. Following Youngs death in 1800, Adams continued to build the community. Aftermath of the Mutiny on the Bounty While Bligh was acquitted for the loss of his ship, the Royal Navy actively sought to capture and punish the mutineers. In November 1790, HMS Pandora (24 guns) was sent to search for Bounty. Reaching Tahiti on March 23, 1791, Captain Edward Edwards was met by four of Bountys men. A search of the island soon located ten additional members of Bountys crew. These fourteen men, a mix of mutineers and loyalists, were held in a cell on the ships deck known as Pandoras Box. Departing on May 8, Edwards searched the neighboring islands for three months before turning for home. While passing through the Torres Strait on August 29, Pandora ran aground and sank the next day. Of those on board, 31 crew and four of the prisoners were lost. The remainder embarked in Pandoras boats and reached Timor in September. Transported back to Britain, the ten surviving prisoners were court-martialed. Four of the ten were found innocent with Blighs backing while the other six were found guilty. Two, Heywood and James Morrison, were pardoned, while another escaped on a technicality. The remaining three were hung aboard HMS Brunswick (74) on October 29, 1792. A second breadfruit expedition departed Britain in August 1791. Again led by Bligh, this group successfully delivered breadfruit to the Caribbean but the experiment proved a failure when the slaves refused to eat it. On the far side of the world, Royal Navy ships relocated Pitcairn Island in 1814. Making contact with those ashore, they reported the final details of Bounty to the Admiralty. In 1825, Adams, the lone surviving mutineer, was granted amnesty.

People and Organisation Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

People and Organisation - Research Paper Example In a competitive market, a large number of producers strive to satisfy the needs of the same consumers. These rivalry means that no one party can dictate the price of goods or the direction that the market will adopt. Each player influences the marketing strategy that the other adopts (Economics Online (EO, 2012) When the prospects of gain are high, more firms are bound to enter the market and this is in line with the basic economic theory which dictates that for profits to be earned, the returns in revenue must outweigh the cost of production (Allen N.J. et al. 1990.pp.638-642). The profits could be termed as normal or abnormal depending on the revenue collected. According to Lan Li: If the returns equal the cost then the profit is normal but if they surpass the cost, it is abnormal. In the case of Coca-Cola Company, the stock of goods lessens with every purchase and this is in line with the Principle of Diminishability. As the stocks approach zero, the price escalates and this drives the company to boost production. Perfect Competition: for a market to be perfectly economical, the number of buyers and sellers must by very large and for the producers, there is the freedom to join and exit the market at ones will. Monopoly market: monopoly describes a market scene where only one producer dictates the type of product to be availed and it is brought about by the absence of substitutes. This form of dominance brings about limitations on market entry. Duopoly on the other hand brings into play the theory of Oligopoly whereby there are two entities in the market and they are completely independent of each other’s operations. The competition lies between the two firms and they can therefore adjust their prices so as to gain the upper hand in the sales. Oligopoly means that there is a number of entities in the market and they try to outdo each other. Therefore any strategy adopted be it advertising or

Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 3

Assignment - Essay Example Still, the Police may be able to pin both of the individuals for drug trafficking and possession if they have seen marijuana in plain sight and if it is not the case then, the seizure and search took place in the given scenario is not admissible to the court of law. The couple can only be prosecuted for violating customs check. Q.2 The need to practice due diligence is applicable in this case because Tangelo was well aware of the dangers that were associated with watching a baseball game (Jennings pp.300). Additionally, she had read the statement behind the tickets which relieved the organization from any kind of liability for an incident that may take place during the games and that formed a tort. Furthermore, the featured organization had taken preventive measure in order to contain the ball and the punching of a hole in the net can be identified as a mere coincident. The whole incident can be presented as a consequence of a decision to go and watch a game while; the injured party was having knowledge of the risks and therefore, cannot claim successfully for damages in the court of law. The court might decide to apply ordinary damages in this regard. Q.3 The purchaser has already conditionalized its performance with a favorable outcome of an event and therefore, the condition of obtaining a loan from the bank was a valid part of the contract that was signed by both parties (Jennings pp.35). The claim of specific performance is invalid because the purchasing party stated a condition that has to be fulfilled before a contract can be practiced. The seller however, can claim damages and specific performance against the involved bank whose manager did not supply the seller with a loan on a personal conflict. If the bank’s incapacity to loan the seller is legally justified then the charges will be dropped. Q.4 The environmental laws are growingly applied in order to preserve natural habitat of earth and therefore, the companies are strongly being recommended to take stronger measures towards returning to the environment what they have taken from it previously. Additionally, the companies that have become sensitive in the direction of preserving natural environment over the past few years are now adding environmental costs while, performing strategic decision making (Esty pp. 25). The governments on the hand are applying environmental taxation on firms that are known to pollute the environment in abundance. Finally, the companies like Herman Miller, FedEx and McDonalds have been cited in the book with the title of â€Å"Green to Gold† for their exceptional level of strategic dedication for environmental safety. Q.5 The companies are liable for the safety of their employees under the US labor law. The excuse that Nick was operating the crane in an inappropriate way means that he is either incapable or poorly trained. In both of the cases organization is at fault because either they are making an untrained or poorly trained person to run the crane. The company should have known about Nick’s poor ability to manage crane. Based on the above argument, Nick is fully capable and eligible to receive damages and treatment expenses from his employer. Q.6 The pay structure is determined on the basis of one’

Analysis Of The Army Of God Terrorist Philosophy Essay

Analysis Of The Army Of God Terrorist Philosophy Essay In the current essay I would like to make an analysis of one of the U.S. terroristic organization so-called Army of God. I would like to consider what aims this organization wants to achieve, what methods it uses and how our society relates to this organization. As a matter of fact terrorism is a policy, based on the systematic use of terror.  The word terror is a synonymous to the words violence, intimidation and fear.  In the U.S. legal system terror is a premeditated, politically motivated violence, perpetrated against the civilian population or objects by different sub-national groups or clandestine agents in order to influence the mood of society.  There are different types of terrorism, among them are: By the nature of the subject, terrorism is divided into:  unorganized or individual in this case, the attack is made by one or two people and organized (collective) the terrorist activity is planned and implemented by a certain organization (Al-Qaeda, IRA, ETA and so on). As a rule, organized terrorism is the most common in the modern world.   Goals of terrorism are divided into following: nationalist pursues separatist or national liberation objectives;  religious can be linked to the struggle between the adherents of a religion (Muslims and Christians etc.). Social is intended to partial or radical changes in economic or political system, to attract public attention to any acute problem.  Sometimes this kind of terrorism is called revolutionary.  Of course, this division is conditional and terrorism similarities can be found in all its forms, as described in US Domestic Terrorism: Army of God. It can be said that Army of God is related to organized and social terrorism. On the one hand, Army of God is well organized group of people with common goals and on the other hand, partial changes in economic and political system of the U.S., specifically, complete ban of abortion. It should be noted that Army of God is an anti-abortion terrorist organization, which approves violence and terrorism to fight abortion in the United States.  AOG supports the Second Defensive Action Statement, which is issued by the Defenders of Life, which read: We, who sign below, announced that divine justice action is required, including the use of violence, to protect innocent human life (which was born and the unborn).We just announced any acts of violence and it is reasonable to maintain the life of a child born to defend the life of an unborn child, as stated in Army Of God? Body I presume that terroristic activity against abortion began in United States and Canada in the 70-ies of the XX century. As a fact, at first appeared terrorist organization Anti-Abortion Violence Movement (AAVM).  Terrorists set fire, blow up and destroy clinics, kill doctors and politicians and so on. As a rule, AAVM had training centers for like-minded people, where organization showed how to plan and organize military operations.  Terrorists have their own magazine; maintain contacts with right-wing movements, such as the Ku Klux Klan.   As a matter of fact, our country has a long history of small terrorist groups with religious nature, which carry out attacks on certain sectors of society who do not follow their own moral teachings and principals. One of such groups is the American Christian fundamentalist organization is known as the Army of God.  This group promotes the usage of violence against abortion clinics and homosexual community.  The Army of God has been linked to several bombings of such clinics, and uses biblical justification for an attack on the medical personnel who carry out abortions.  For example, Pastor Michael Bray one of the leading members of the organization was serving sentence in prison for the bombing of abortion clinics.  As a fact, army of God has developed a manual for counseling members on how to attack the clinic using arson, acid, as well as instructions on bomb making, as described in Army of God: Still Marching. It can be said that Army of God demonstrates the profound conviction as anti-abortion, homophobic, and sharply criticize the U.S. government for not holding to what it sees as Christian values.  In 1998, a member of the Army of God, James Kopp killed Dr. Barnett Slepian and it is considered that the organization has been linked to many other similar surveys between 1994 and 1997.  The Army of God have also tried to use public fears of terrorist biological attack with one member, Clayton Waagner, sending more than 550 letters to abortion clinics in 2001, claiming they contained anthrax and can infect those who opened them.   It is believed that the group operates major terrorist network.  In combination with a very close knit nature of communities, many of the members came to organization from the army; they seem to have lack of experience in funding or knowledge how to carry out large-scale effective attack.  It is believed that the Army of God may be involved in the attacks on gays and lesbians in May 1999, when 2 people were killed.  It is unlikely that the Army of God is real organization beyond the individual groups and no strong leadership has been defined, although several people have joined the group. The most famous terroristic act of the organization was bombings at the 1996 Olympics Atlanta that killed one person and injured more than hundreds of others.  The Army of God is a good example of a low level fundamentalist terrorists group, which get their limited knowledge and skills from the Internet or some ex-soldiers to carry out low level attacks and criminal activities in the future, what they see as their own moral code, as stated in History of the Army of God. Many experts consider that Army of God is the latest extremist religious group in the spotlight.  I would like to consider what an army of God is.  No one is sure, but the name has been used for 30 years. Here is an entry: in the early 1980s, womens clinic in Granite City, Illinois, was defeated repeatedly by fundamentalist protestors.  Then the operator of the clinic, Dr. Hector Zevallos and his wife Rosalie have been kidnapped by a group of men that called themselves as the Army of God.  Couple held for eight days in an abandoned munitions bunker.  The kidnappers said they killed them both, if Dr. Zevallos pledged to stop performing abortions he did, and they were released.  Then, these three men were later convicted for the kidnapping.  The leader, Don Benny Anderson, declared that God told him to wage war against abortion.  After that, Anderson received a 30-year prison sentence.  Also, he was convicted of setting fire in two Florida abortion clinics and drew t he second 30-year period. In 1984, when the Norfolk Womens Clinic was firebombed, the initials of Army of God were scrawled on the wall.  Soon after this, clinic near Washington was firebombed, and people claim that they represent the army of God. In 1993, the fundamentalist Rachelle Shannon had shot clinic doctor in Wichita, Oregon. She boasted that she was providing Gods will.  The police found the Army of God manual filled with quotations of the Bible, bomb-making instructions, and the declaration, saying that abortion should be stopped.  Guide said the army of God units did not stay in one place, so that the feds will never stop us, as describe in The Army of God: More Religious Killers? In 1996, two more nail-studded bombs hit Atlanta January 16, in a clinic for women and 21 February at gay nightclub.  After the second explosion, raw, unsigned, semi-literate letter was sent to Reuters, who passed it on to the FBI:  the letter said that both bombs were placed by the units of the army of God.  It also stated that those, who were involved with abortion can become victims of retaliation.  With regard to gay club, in latter there was ungrammatically described the following: We will target sodomites, there are organizations and all those who push there agenda, as stated in The Army of God: More Religious Killers? The police also found a letter, which threatened the United Nations and the United States government.  As a fact, it declared the following: We declare and will wage war to destroy the ungodly communist regime in New York and your legislative-bureaucratic lackey of Washington. It is you who are responsible and preside over the murder of children and the policy question that the wicked perversions destroy our nationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ã‚  Death of the New Order world, according to FBI National Press Release. Now, the FBI circulated a letter nationally, in the hope that some citizens will recognize the language style and determine bombers. Unfortunately, the army of God saga emphasizes an unpleasant fact of life: the most dangerous people are often the most religious. Without any doubts many Americans are categorically against  this organization and its  methods  of struggle for  their  moral beliefs. As a matter of fact, in the 90s of the XX century the scandal erupted, when Nail Horsley posted on the Web so-called Nuremberg files. It was a list of doctors, owners of the clinic that make aborts, as well as their family members, judges, famous  political and social activists, lobbying for abortion.  Also in the file were listed women who have done abortions.  The files presented not only photo with the name of the murderers, but also their addresses, telephones, video anything that can be useful if you decided to find a person.  It should be noted that these files Horsley collected himself by walking, recognizing, photographing, and published it in the Internet.  In addition, he paid photographers and volunteers, who did pictures for his list.  Horsley strongly believes that doctors, who have helped to do the abortions, shou ld be judged in a Nuremberg trial. Horsley declared the following: The Nuremberg files remind people that the doctors who kill babies are criminals and should be judged just like the Nazis at Nuremberg, as described in The Army of God. To be more precise, the U.S. Supreme Court long ago made it clear that there is nothing against abortion. However, authorities did not find anything illegal in Horsleys action and explained that under the First Amendment, these actions have nothing criminal. In my opinion, this situation is connected with the fact, that among influential Americans there are a lot of supporters of abortion ban in the U.S., for example George Bush Senior is considered one of the opponents of abortion.  Moreover, after this Web publication Horney also stated the following: We do not want all of them to die. But then, three thousand babies will die today its a fact and this fact is ignored in the past 25 years, according to Anti-Abortion Violence Defines Army of God. In my opinion this characterizes AOG as organization of  implacable fanatics  on  the religious and  moral  grounds,  who believe that they  have a right to decide  what people  can, and  what can not  do.  As a re sult of this Web publication some abortion supporters were killed or wounded: doctor John Britton was murdered in 1994 by AOG activist Paul Hill, Dr. David Gunn was shot in 1993, Canadian  Dr. Garson Romalis and Hugh Short were wounded by snipers.   Moreover, Horsley became cross the names of dead doctors on his site. According to Anti-Abortion Violence Defines Army of God, Horsley declared: My position is that people, who kill babies are responsible for the abominable act, and we should not be surprised if other people rise to fight against them. That is why we should legally prohibit abortion. Otherwise, murder and terrorism will grow up around us. Many people interpreted this  as  an open  challenge to  society and demanded to punish AOG and its participants, but authorities stated that freedom of speech can not be prohibited in the U.S. However, Stephanie Mueller, from the National Abortion Federation, declared that Horsley did not tell the full story on the site link to the attacks on doctors.  She said that one doctor was attacked in the summer of 2000, after the fact that information about him was published by Horsley.  We know other doctors who have received death threats after being caught in the files.  We think that the site is really cause violence against those who do abortions, as stated in Anti-Abortion Extremism: The Army of God. Psychological aspect In order to understand AOG behavior and motives I would like to concentrate on the analysis of AOG relation to such concepts like human life, abortion and its consequences. It should be noted that human embryos is human life form.  Consequently, in the eyes of an absolutist religion, abortion is evil, that has no different from murder.  As a fact, one of the most vociferous opponents of abortion is the Catholic Church.  When George W. Bush came to power, authorities began to fiercely protect human life as long as it is in its infancy (or terminally ill) state, not hesitating to ban medical research that could save the lives.  Embryos topic, it seems, has on many religious persons truly hypnotic effect.  Mother Teresa of Calcutta, accepting the Nobel Prize, said bluntly in her speech: The worst enemy of peace is abortion. Returning to the theme of war against abortion, I suggest you listen to the founder of the Randall Terry rescue operation, according to Understanding Th e Army Of God, he said following: When I or my supporters will come to force in this country, you will be better to disappear soon, because we will find, judge for trial and punish you.  Im not kidding.  I will do my best to condemn and punish them all. Randall Terry is referring to abortion doctors. His Christian feelings are evident and in subsequent statements:  I want to see you on the head faced a wave of intolerance, a wave of hatred.  Yes, hate its what you needà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ã‚  Our goal is a Christian nation.  Our duty is recorded in the Bible, God told us to conquer this country. We do not want pluralism.  Our goal must be simple.  We need a Christian nation, founded on the law of God, and without but, according to Understanding The Army Of God. Many experts consider that such intentions create something like Christian fascist state, which is very typical for religious organization in the U.S. This is almost an exact copy of an Islamic fascist state, of which many dream on the other side of the globe.  Fortunately, Randall Terry did not come to power, yet.  But those who are watching the developments on the American political scene there is no reason to particularly enjoy. Supporters of ethics or utilitarianism are likely estimate the issue of abortion from a different perspective and try to estimate the amount of suffering.  The most important question if the embryo is suffering? Doctors state that if the abortion is performed before the formation of his nervous system, most likely no, even if the nervous system is already there, it certainly suffers from less than an adult cow in a slaughterhouse. Does a pregnant woman or her family suffer in case the abortion is denied?  It is quite possible, and in any case, gi ven the almost complete absence of the embryo nervous system, is not it should give preference to well-developed nervous system of the mother?  In my opinion, it should be. We live in a free country with developed civil society, our right of choice should be guaranteed. As a fact, the advocates of ethical implications have their own reasons to oppose abortion.  It is assumed, that embryo does not suffer, but a culture that allows interrupting a human life can lead us too far.  Where do we draw the line?  Where is the line that separates us from killing children?  In my opinion, this line is natural birth, and perhaps we can say that in an earlier, embryonic, developing a similar milestone is hard to find. These arguments are also possible to put forward as the arguments against euthanasia.   However, AOG and other opponents of abortion do not care about these arguments.  From their point of view everything is much easier.  Embryo is a baby, its destruction is the murder. That is it, end of discussion.  From such an absolutist position it is difficult to make far-reaching conclusions.  They require, despite the dizzying medical perspective, to stop research on embryonic stem cells, because, as a result, embryos stem cells die.  Illogicality of the last argument is obvious when you think about what is now widely used by IVF (in vitro fertilization), during which doctors stimulate the production of the female body more ovum for in vitro fertilization.  At the same time receive up to a dozen viable embryos, of which the uterus is implanted two or three.  It is expected that one or two will survive.  Thus, the destruction of embryos occurs at two stages of IVF, but the procedure for the society as a whole have no complaints.  For over 25 years, IVF is a st andard practice that brings happiness to childless couples, as described in Annihilating abortuaries is our purest form of worship. A certain category of religious believers can not see the moral difference between destroying a microscopic group of cells on the one hand and the murder of an adult doctor on the other.  According to Doctor Chaplain and the Army of God: In a terrible book of Marc Yurgensmayer Terror in the name of God there is printed a photograph of the Rev. Michael Bray with his friend, the Rev. Paul Hill, holding a banner with the slogan: Is it possible not to hinder the murder of innocent  babies?. They and their associates from the Army of God are committed to  set fire to abortion clinics and do not hide their desire to kill doctors. As a fact, July 29, 1994 at the entrance to the clinic of the city of Pensacola, Florida, Paul Hill killed with a revolver Dr. John Britton and his bodyguard James Barrett. After he surrendered to the police,  he stated that shot the doctor to stop the killing of innocents.   Before proceeding to a discussion of abortion I would like to consider Paul Hills case, as one of the typical example of AOG participants behavior. As it was mentioned above, Paul Hill, with the full support took the law into his own hands and killed the doctor.  Hill started to defend his action by making a distinction between killings, say, retired doctor to vengeance and murder of a medical practitioner to stop them produce regular babies killing. In turn, abortion supporters stated that, despite the apparent sincerity of Paul Hills belief, he should not forget that if everyone starts to punish and pardon according to personal beliefs, not adopted by the laws, society will slide into a monstrous chaos.  Is it not correct to change the law in a democratic manner?  Paul Hill replied: Well, the problem here is that sometimes we have no real, genuine law, the law sometimes is fabricated on the spot of the head, as in the case of so-called law on abortion rights, a judge imposed on its peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦, according to Doctor Chaplain and the Army of God.  In my opinion Paul Hills relation to these questions very much like the position of living in Britain of Muslims, who openly declare that they are subject only to Islamic law, and not accepted in a democratic manner the laws of country of their residence.   In 2003, Paul Hill was executed for the murder of Dr. Britton and his bodyguard; he claimed before the execution that to save the unborn would have killed again. He was speaking to reporters: I believe that by punishing me, the state makes me a martyr. Authorized by law, the murder of Hill, it is reasonable, but it may provoke new attacks by providing an effect opposite to the expected.  Paul Hill on the way to the death chamber was smiling, saying: I expect reward in heavenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ I look for fame.  He urged others to follow in his steps, as stated in Doctor Chaplain and the Army of God.   I presume that very interesting was the fact, that one of the representative of certain abortion clinic named Paul Hill as a dangerous psychopath.  But people like Hill, do not consider themselves as dangerous psychopaths, they consider themselves as good, moral people who perform the covenants of God.  Frankly, I do not think that Paul Hill was psycho.  In my opinion, he was just a very religious man.  Without any doubts he was dangerous man, but not a psychopath.  To be more precise, misinterpretation of religion made him dangerous.  In accordance with AOG religious beliefs, Hill was right and moral by killing Dr. Britton. It should be noted that almost all vehement opponents of abortion are deeply religious.  Army of God activists do not see the moral difference between killing the embryo and killing a doctor, except that the embryo, by their definition, is the innocent baby. Proponents of ethical implications are able to evaluate the differences. In the early stages of embryo development in their ability to feel and even in structure and appearance, does not exceed the tadpole.  The doctor, on the contrary is formed, endowed with the consciousness of the individual with hopes, aspirations, dreams, fears, a wealth of knowledge, ability to complex emotions, most likely leaving behind inconsolable widow, orphan children, perhaps a loving elderly parents.   In my opinion, Paul Hill has caused a real, deep, prolonged suffering to human being that was able to feel and has a complex nervous system.  His victim, a doctor did not do this.  As a fact, embryos do not have the nervous system on early stage of development, and undoubtedly, are not affected. Moreover, even at a later stage embryos with nervous systems suffer not because they are human, but because they are living beings. In other words, there is no reason to believe that human embryos at any age suffer more than cows or sheep embryos of similar age.  And there are many reasons to argue that all embryos, including human, suffer much less than an adult cow or a sheep to the slaughter, and even more so slaughtered during the ritual killing of animals in some Muslims countries, when, according to religious requirements, they must be fully conscious  at the time of cutting the throat.   Of course, it is not easy to evaluate the suffering. You can argue about the details, but this does not change the main idea, which regards the differences between the position of opponents and supporters of the ethics implications of religious, absolutist moral philosophy. The first concerned whether the embryos suffer. The second concern, whether those are human beings.  Religious moralists argue when embryo becomes a person, a human being.  Despite this, abortion supporters, most likely, will put the question differently: it does not matter whether it is a person, more important questions, in what age the developing embryo is capable to feel pain, no matter what kind of animal it is. Conclusion To sum it up, I would like to say that Army of God is a terrorist organization within the U.S., which main purpose is in achieve a complete prohibition of abortion on the territory of the United States and also to punish medical  personnel  as well as  women  who  have had  abortions by different prison sentence and death penalty. Especially I would like to mention the fact that according to AOG, every doctor who made an abortion (kill the embryo) must be killed, because he deprived a human being of life. As a fact, AOG began its activity from 1982 and exist even today. From that moment AOG issue manual instructions how you can make a bomb or fire up abortion clinic. Also, there is AOG website, on which every person can enter the organization and help to their right case. Moreover, in its activity AOG is based on religion, namely Catholic Christianity and approve all violence by interpretation of the Bible. It can be said that the organization is responsible for two bombi ngs in 1996 in Atlanta, a series of murders and cases of kidnappings in relation to doctors and other medical staff of abortion clinics all over the country. As a fact, the advocates of ethical implications have their own reasons to oppose abortion.  It is assumed, that embryo does not suffer, but a culture that allows interrupting a human life can lead us too far. However, AOG and other opponents of abortion do not care about these arguments.  From their point of view everything is much easier.  Embryo is a baby, its destruction is the murder. That is it, end of discussion.  From such an absolutist position it is difficult to make far-reaching conclusions. In my opinion, this whole nightmare comes from the usual differences of perception.  There are people because of their religious beliefs considering abortion as murder, and ready to open fire, protecting embryos, which they prefer to call their babies.  On the other hand, there are people, no less sincere support abortion without any religious views, but with principles of morality.  They also see themselves as champions of the idea of providing medical care to the patients in need, who otherwise would have had to turn to unskilled underground healers.  Each side believes the other murderers or accomplices of the killers.  And each in his own way sincere. It is difficult to find a common ground in this situation. I think that first of all each side should show  greater understanding and  reduce  the level  of aggression  towards  the opponents. As a solution, I propose to consider the possibility to build abortion clinics in certain areas, similar to gambling th at allowed only in several areas. On the one hand, women will have an opportunity to make an abortion in safe conditions and doctors will no longer fear for their lives. On the other hand, abortion opponents will be satisfied with the fact that abortion is legal only in several areas in the country and every woman on her way to the clinic will have an opportunity to think if she really needs to take this step. I strongly believe that our society should take measures to solve this problem, and such organizations like Army of God with its violence will no longer have support of our citizens.

An Evaluation of Academic Performance of Grade 1 Pupils with and Without Early Childhood Experience Essay

â€Å"Bright minds make bright future!† Preparatory children nowadays are far better than before they are more advanced in teaching and more capable of absorbing the methods of learning that used with them. Modern teaching accompanied with modules and analytical measures develop the preschooler’s memory retention that serves as the foundation of their education. Kids today are more willing and not afraid to try to discover new ways and methods of learning. The value of preschool is a hot topic these days. A small but growing number of studies link enrolment in preschool or child care centers (which typically include a preschool curriculum) to higher cognitive and language scores on kindergarten-entry tests The early childhood stage is a permanent learning stage. Whatever they learn now, they will take home. This preschool education is the provision of education for children before the commencement of statutory education, usually between the ages of three and five, dependent on the jurisdiction. The institutional arrangements for preschool education vary widely around the world, as do the names applied to the institutions. Effective preschool education can help make all children ready to learn the day they start school and, more importantly, help close the enormous gap facing children in poverty. Preschool gives our kids the strong foundation they need to be successful in school and in life. Children who attend pre-kindergarten programs have bigger vocabularies and increased math skills, know more letters and more letter-sound associations, and are more familiar with words and book concepts, according to a number of studies (Patson P. Opido 2010). The child is the ultimate concern in all educational processes. He is the beginning at the end of all educational efforts. The goal of education is to help every child grow up well-rounded; physically well-developed, mentally healthy, intelligently alert, emotionally secure and socially well adjusted. These can be truly achieved by giving attention to the child’s foundation. The first day of the children in school is a unique experience. It may be their first contact with big group of children. The difference among first grade pupils in their level of preparedness to grade one work may vary. The grade I teacher should be aware of the differences in the children’s readiness; some readiness is the springboard to do actions. Knowing pupil’s differences will guide the teacher on what to do to develop them to the fullest ( Lindberg and Swedo, 1995). A child born of a healthy, responsible and emotionally mature parents has a good foundation. His parents, especially the mother, guide him through the proper habits of eating, sleeping and cleanliness. An individual’s attitude toward himself and others, his behaviour either at work or at play, and his emotional roots in his early childhood experiences. What he learns at home constitutes the basis for future learning and adjustment. As the child develops social awareness, he needs to experience association with a larger group outside his home. Parents send their children to school simply because they want them to develop basic health habits and self sufficiency. Furthermore, this also includes the ability to use language patterns for simple and correct social attitudes in relation to the company of people around him, whether adults or other children and the appreciation of the aesthetic attributes of his immediate surroundings. Modern teaching accompanied with modules and analytical measures develop the preschooler’s memory retention serving as the foundation of their education. Kids today are more willing and not afraid to try to discover new ways and methods of learning. The value of preschool is a hot topic these days. A small but growing number of studies link enrolment in preschool or child care centers (which typically include a preschool curriculum) to higher cognitive and language scores on kindergarten-entry tests. The early childhood stage is a permanent learning stage. Whatever they learn now, they will take home. This preschool education is the provision of education for children before the commencement of statutory education, usually between the ages of three and five, dependent on the jurisdiction. Parents on the other hand, play a vital role in educating their children because they are their first teachers, which is the greatest contribution before a child ever begins his formal education in school. When a child enters the formal school, he carries out with him the acquired values from his parents. Just like the teacher’s task, if parents fail to perform their responsibilities, it may bring misbehaviour on their children which may directly or indirectly affect the child’s academic performance. In the Philippine public elementary schools today, inner tensions have been continuously affecting the learners going to grade one level, especially those who had never gone to any kind of schooling before. These learners entering grade one have many apprehensions. Most of them have no experiences in going to school. Parents are not capable of sending them to school especially those in remote and slum areas. Instead of giving their children a chance to study in Day Care Centers and Kindergarten in some public elementary schools, they ended up waiting for their to be accepted in Grade One. With these scenarios the pupils encounter difficulties in catching up with different skills like numeracy and literacy which are now the basic skills necessary in the first grade level of formal schooling. These children also suffer in relating themselves to their new environment, the school. In order to have a smooth transition from home to school and to prepare them socially and psychologically, the curriculum on the Early Childhood Experiences was recommended for adoption in all public elementary schools as included in Every Child A Reader Program ( ECARP). It aims to developing the reading readiness and developmental reading in Grade one as launched by the Department of Education. One of the major goals of the 2015 Education for All (EFA) is the expansion of the coverage and improvement of the quality of the Early Childhood Care and Development (ECCD) programs in the country. The present government administration in its Ten-Point Agenda has declared a policy calling for the standardization of preschool and day care centers. The Department of Education (DepEd) in support of this thrust will administer School Readiness Assessment Test to All Grade One Entrants, effective SY 2005-2006. The School Readiness Assessment (SRA) is a tool to determine the readiness of Grade One entrants in tackling formal Grade One work. The School Readiness Assessment Tool will be administered by Grade One teachers assisted by the Grade Two and Three teachers one week before opening of classes. The assessment shall not be treated as an entrance test or examination. No child shall be refused entry to Grade 1 based on the results neither of this assessment nor without preschool experience. To continuously determine the school readiness of all Grade One Entrants, the School Readiness Assessment (SReA) was administered. One of the objectives of SReA is to assess pupils’ readiness across the different developmental domains – gross and fine motor, receptive/ expressive language, cognitive domain and socio- economic domain. The result obtained was the basis for grouping the Grade One entrants. It was also used to guide Grade One teachers in providing appropriate instruction and assistance to address specific needs of the pupils. The result of the School Readiness Test in May 2011 identified that there were at least forty two point ninety eight percent of the school population of Grade One entrants were not ready. Children with No Early Childhood Care and Development (ECCD) has low average in pupils’ readiness across the different developmental domains – gross and fine motor, receptive/ expressive language, cognitive domain and socio- economic domain. Background of the Study The researcher is motivated by the above mentioned situation and this led to the conceptualization of this study. As an educator, the researcher is faced with the fact that there is an imperative need to strengthen and streamline the internal management of educational arrangements in order to achieve efficiency and responsiveness to trends and challenges of the next millennium. It is therefore the aim of this study to empower parents and positively influence them on affirmative effects of pre-school education in the holistic development of their children particularly on the advancement of their academic performance. The value of preschool is a hot topic these days. A small but growing number of studies link enrolment in preschool or child care centers (which typically include a preschool curriculum) to higher cognitive and language scores on kindergarten-entry tests. The early childhood stage is a permanent learning stage. Whatever they learn now, they will take home. This preschool education is the provision of education for children before the commencement of statutory education, usually between the ages of three and five, dependent on the jurisdiction. The institutional arrangements for preschool education vary widely around the world, as do the names applied to the institutions ( Bustos Alicia and Espiritu 1985). The Early Childhood Experiences Curriculum, hence all Grade One teachers are expected to implement it. Teachers are also encouraged to make use of local songs, games, dances and indigenous materials to enrich the curriculum. It is hoped that the Early Childhood Experience for Grade One will greatly benefit the children and strengthen efforts to make the schools child-friendly. Theoretical Framework This study is anchored on Edward Thorndike’s, Jerome Bruner’s, and B.F. Skinner’s Theories of Learning. These theories enabled the researcher in the conceptualization of this work. The Law of Readiness as advocated by Thorndike is associated with mind set. It states that when an organism is prepared to respond to a stimulus, allowing doing so would be satisfying while preventing him would be annoying. This law works well in this study because the children is mentally ready to learn. The Law of Exercise states that the constant repetition of response strengthens its connection with the stimulus, while disuse of response weakens it. The exercises given to the children using a modifiable connection like instructional materials enables them to acquire the learning easier and faster because the responses will be utilized, the stronger the connection to be developed. Thus, when a modifiable between a stimulus and a response has been made, it is strengthened if its results in satisfaction as the Law of effect proves. Jerome Bruner’s (1915) theory of Instrumental conceptualization is also applied as it involves (3) three simultaneous processes as: Acquisition, Transformation and Evaluation. This theory of learning believes that the acquisition of whatever form of knowledge acquisition, who selects structures, retains and transforms information. Teaching without the use of proper strategic plans will result to failure. Through School Readiness Assessment Test (SReA), pupils will acquire knowledge through different techniques used by the researchers. Hence, learning to read is facilitated by Skinner’s Theory. Conceptual Framework This study focused on the evaluation of academic performance of Grade One pupils with and without Early Childhood Experience of Sto. Nià ±o Elementary School. The independent variable consist of School Readiness Assessment Test (SReA) for children with and without Early Childhood Experience while the dependent variable is the academic performance of the respondents in terms of the following: Sensory Discrimination, Concept Formation, Numeracy, Reading Readiness and Construction and Visual Motor Integration.